College Admission Essay Format

College Admission Essay Format Moon Prep counselors work with more BS/MD students than any other educational consultancy. Moon Prep is your expert when it comes to direct medical programs and highly selective universities. We are routinely featured as the top BS/MD and Medical School admissions specialists in places like Forbes, Inc, U.S. News & World Report and dozens more. Abby from College Bound Mentor provided an amazing service not only for our son, but also for us as parents navigating through this process for the first time. She was as patient with us as she was helpful to our son. We have two more children to get into college, and we’re hoping Abby will be there for them as well. Finally, Bright Horizons’ director of learning and development services will join us to share data on strengths-based coaching. So thank you both for your patience and support as we know you have a lot of students and feel we had the best of the best working with our son. The internet’s leading source for first-person MBA admissions interview reports, offering applicants unparalleled insight into what to expect and how to prepare. She was easy to work with and was always sending me reminders. She kept me on track during this busy time and ensured nothing important was overlooked. It was great to have someone to help me and to be able to ask questions to. Each counselor accepts a limited number of students and our spots fill up quickly. Dear Lisa, We would like to thank you for the fantastic support to Ester during her application process. We could not imagine how requiring and hectic this time would be, both for her and for the rest of the family. You succeeded to make the process much more serene and very successful. Submit your application for admission and all supporting documents by the application deadlines. Temple awards merit scholarships to international students with strong academic records and standardized test scores. These scholarships range from $1,000 to full tuition. The availability of funding and the size, quality and characteristics of the overall applicant pool will determine the number and value of merit scholarships offered. We’ve updated the Columbia Business School Interview Guide for the admissions season! If you come from one of Philadelphia’s Sister Cities, Temple University offers merit scholarships of $10,000 to eligible first-year applicants. International students are automatically considered for the scholarship. To check on the status of your admissions and scholarship decision, check TUportal, or contact us at or + . Stay tuned as we update more guides to help you ace your admissions interviews. Profiles submitted by applicants to leading MBA programs, providing a platform where applicants can seek input from the Clear Admit community on their target schools. Temple was one of the first nine universities to make an initial commitment to the #YouAreWelcomeHere initiative. Every year, we select two first-year students to receive an annual, renewable scholarship of $20,000. Students are automatically considered for merit scholarships upon applying to Templeâ€"a separate application is not needed. of Moon Prep students are accepted into one or more of their top three undergraduate universities. For most people, writing a check for the tuition bill is a frightening prospect. We have information on tuition payment plans offering an installment plan. We’ll also take a close look at the Common App essay topics and offer suggestions for approaching those. Submit the one-page #YouAreWelcomeHere application and corresponding essay or video to by Feb. 1. If submitting a large video file, please share a link to the video. Through the #YouAreWelcomeHere scholarship, Temple recognizes international students who demonstrate a vision for enhancing intercultural understanding.

Multisensory Teaching Method to Reading

The multisensory teaching approach to reading is based upon the idea that some students learn best when the material that they are given is presented to them in a variety of modalities. This method uses movement (kinesthetic) and touch (tactile), along with what we see (visual) and what we hear (auditory) to help students learn to read, write and spell. Who Benefits From This Approach? All students can benefit from multisensory learning, not just special education students. Every child processes information differently, and this teaching method allows for each child to use a variety of their senses to understand and process information. Teachers that provide classroom activities that utilize various senses, will notice that their students learning attention will increase, and it will make for an optimal learning environment. Age Range: K-3 Multisensory Activities All of the following activities use a multisensory approach to help students learn to read, write and spell using a variety of their senses. These activities feature hearing, seeing, tracing and writing which are referred to as VAKT ( visual, auditory, kinesthetic and tactile). Clay Letters Have the student create words out of letters made of clay. The student should say the name and sound of each letter and after the word is created, he/she should read the word aloud. Magnetic Letters Give the student a bag full of plastic magnetic letters and a chalkboard. Then have the student use the magnetic letters to practice making words. To practice segmenting have the student say each letter sound as he/she selects the letter. Then to practice blending, have the student say the sound of the letter faster. Sandpaper Words For this multisensory activity have the student place a strip of paper over a piece of sandpaper, and using a crayon, have him/her write a word onto the paper. After the word is written, have the student trace the word while spelling the word aloud. Sand Writing Place a handful of sand onto a cookie sheet and have the student write a word with his/her finger in the sand. While the student is writing the word have them say the letter, its sound, and then read the whole word aloud. Once the student completed the task he/she can erase by wiping the sand away. This activity also works well with shaving cream, finger paint, and rice. Wikki Sticks Provide the student with a few Wikki Sticks. These colorful acrylic yarn sticks are perfect for children to practice forming their letters. For this activity have the student form a word with the sticks. While they are forming each letter have them say the letter, its sound, and then read the whole word aloud. Letter/Sound Tiles Use letter tiles to help students develop their reading skills and establish phonological processing. For this activity, you can use Scrabble letters or any other letter tiles you may have. Like the activities above, have the student create a word using the tiles. Again, have them say the letter, followed by its sound, and then finally read the word aloud. Pipe Cleaner Letters For students who are having trouble grasping how letters should be formed, have them place pipe cleaners around a flashcard of each letter in the alphabet. After they place the pipe cleaner around the letter, have them say the name of the letter and its sound. Edible Letters Mini marshmallows, MMs, Jelly Beans or Skittles are great for having children practice learning how to form and read the alphabet. Provide the child with an alphabet flashcard, and a bowl of their favorite treat. Then have them place the food around the letter while they say the letter name and sound. Source: Orton Gillingham Approach

Relative Density Definition in Chemistry

Relative density (RD) is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water. It is also known as specific gravity (SG). Because it is a ratio, relative density or specific gravity is a unitless value. If its value is less than 1, then the substance is less dense than water and would float. If relative density is exactly 1, the density is the same as water. If RD is greater than 1, the density is greater than that of water and the substance would sink. Examples The relative density of pure water at 4 C is 1.The relative density of balsa wood is 0.2. Balsa is lighter than water and floats on it.The relative density of iron is 7.87. Iron is heavier than water and sinks. Calculation When determining relative density, the temperature and pressure of the sample and reference should be specified. Usually the pressure is 1 am or 101.325 Pa. The basic formula for RD or SG is: RD Ï substance / Ï reference If a difference reference is not identified, it may be assumed to be water at 4  °C. Instruments used to measure relative density include hydrometers and pycnometers. In addition, digital density meters may be used, based on a variety of principles.

Food And Eating Some Persisting Questions Essay

During the first week of class, four readings were assigned. One of the readings, â€Å"Food and Eating: Some Persisting Questions,† by Sidney Mintz, discusses the paradoxes of food. Although food seems like a straightforward concept, it is actually extremely complicated. According to Mintz, there are five paradoxes, including: the importance of food to one’s survival, yet we take it for granted, how people stick to their foodways, but are willing to change, whether the government should allow people to freely choose food or if they should protect the people through regulations, the difference in food meanings according to gender, and the morality of eating certain foods. All of these paradoxes give people questions to think about, making this an extremely philosophical look at food studies. It also mentions that food must be viewed through the cultural context that it is in, which became important in â€Å"The Old and New World Exchange†, by Mintz, and â€Å"Ma ize as a Culinary Mystery†, by Stanley Brandes. These discuss the diffusion of foods after 1492 in different ways. The Mintz reading gives an overview of all of the foods spread from the Americas to the Old World, and vice-a-versa, but does not go terribly in depth on the social changes and effects of specific foods. Brandes focuses on the cultural impact of specifically maize on the European diet, noticing that most Western Europeans shunned it. He studies the cultural implications of this, concluding that maize was not acceptedShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders in Sports1405 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction General Background The occurrence of eating disorders are a serious problem worldwide. 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World hunger and food insecurity are a growing issue all over the world, specially in the developing countries, among the many potential biotechnologies that are available, and the different ways in which they can be applied, genetic modification (GM) of crops is becomingRead MoreSilent Spring : A Book Review1810 Words   |  8 Pagesany reader to take necessary actions to do something about it. An interesting point which Carson studied and described in her book is – we humans are in contact with dangerous chemicals till death. There is always certain degree of contamination persisting in every living species. This has affected varied living species and often has the potential to alter important body processes. One of the highly toxic mineral is Arsenic but more dangerous are synthetic insecticides like DDT. The most dangerousRead MoreFour Groups of Malnutrition2303 Words   |  9 Pages(2013) stated that regardless of body mass index, hospitalized patients typically suffer from undernutrition due to a variety of reasons. These include, but are not limited to: NPO diet order for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, inadequate oral food and beverage intake due to illness-induced poor appetite, meal disturbances, inadequate assistance at mealtimes, reduced ability to chew or swallow, unnecessary hold of enteral feeds due to residuals or drug administration, as well as gastrointestinalRead More John Miltons Paradise Lost Essays2127 Words   |  9 Pagesdestroy the new world that he has heard God was creating. When Satin reaches the new world that has been created in book IV he considers what would happen if he were to repent for what he had done. He talks the matter over with himself for quite some time and decides that even if God would take him back it would not do him any good. â€Å"The lower still I fall, only supreme In misery; such joy ambition finds. But say I could repent and could obtain By act of grace my former state; how soon Read MoreThe Horror Of The Zombie Virus2145 Words   |  9 Pagesagreement â€Å"Your probably right.† A sharp chuckle broke from behind her as Marcus shoved his phone in his pocket. â€Å"Careful Penny, that’s a dangerous thing to tell him.† She walked over and slapped him on the back of his head â€Å"You know what’s dangerous? Eating a piece of my pizza.† He looked genuinely incredulous, â€Å"What makes you think I did it?† she lifted the piece and stared at him â€Å"Really?† He shrugged â€Å"Your right-† He lunged for the piece of pizza and Penelope smacked his hands, he grimaced and yankedRead MoreThe Horror Of The Zombie Virus2139 Words   |  9 Pagesagreement â€Å"Your probably right.† A sharp chuckle broke from behind her as Marcus shoved his phone in his pocket. â€Å"Careful Penny, that’s a dangerous thing to tell him.† She walked over and slapped hi m on the back of his head â€Å"You know what’s dangerous? Eating a piece of my pizza.† He looked genuinely incredulous, â€Å"What makes you think I did it?† she lifted the piece and stared at him â€Å"Really?† He shrugged â€Å"Your right-† He lunged for the piece of pizza and Penelope smacked his hands, he grimaced and yankedRead MoreThe Client, Caroline Knapp, A Caucasian Female, Russian Jewish Descent From Her Mother s Side2821 Words   |  12 Pagesreactions of her, felt the need to hide from people whether it was through work or through drinking, and was aware of her drinking problem. She also presented with anxiety, excessive exercising and healthy eating, and denial of drinking in excess. At age thirty-six when she was in sobriety, some of the client’s symptoms included reoccurring thoughts about drinking, especially during times where pain was likely to be felt, and needing to be reinforced about sobriety as the right decision. The client

Death Penalty misc2 Essay Example For Students

Death Penalty misc2 Essay When New York States governor George Pataki took office in 1995, crime dropped in total of 45%, and the murder rate dropped by 1/3. As of September 1st 1995, the death penalty was reinstated in the state of New York, assuring safer communities and fewer victims, and an over all drop in crime rate. People have used a number of arguments to support their views regarding the death penalty. Among the arguments used include deterrence, incapacitation, religious viewpoint, rehabilitation and cost. Yet it is suggested that the true judgement of a persons position on capital punishment is determined by emotional and moral beliefs. The primary questions raised by the death penalty are whether it is an effective deterrent to violent crime, and whether it is more effective than the long-term incapacitation. Defenders of the death penalty believe that by taking an offenders life is a more severe punishment than any prison term, it must be the better deterrent. A life term is commonly a short vacation at State expense with nothing to do but eat the fruit of others industry. (Opposing, p43.) The term deterrence is used to suggest that with the execution of murderers, there will be a direct decrease in homicide rate, due to the idea that potential murderers will fear for their own lives. Under New Yorks death penalty law offenders involving: murder of a police officer; a probation, parole, court, or corrections officer; a judge; or a witness or members of witnesss family. Also those who murder while already serving life in prison, escaping from prison, or committing other serious felonies, as well contract killers, s erial murderers, those who torture their victims, and those who have murdered before.It is criminals and crimes like these that impose fear in our communities. Due to change in sentencing laws, and other weaknesses in the system, society is not protected from acts of crime. In 1962, James Moore raped and murdered a 14 year old girl. He was not sentenced to death, but instead life imprisonment. Twenty years later, due to a change in our system, Moore is eligible for parole every two years. It is criminals like Moore, who do not deserve the right to live, certainly not amongst innocent communities. In 1868, in a debate before Englands Parliament one man stated It is better that the murderer should parish than that innocent men and women should have their throats cut. (Opposing, p57.) It are those individuals who commit a crime so grave, that they relinquish their right to life. On a religious and moral standpoint, it is said that the death penalty is a fitting punishment. Written in the bible by Luke: a certain man planted a vineyard, leased it to vinedressers, and went into a far country for a long time. Now atvintage-time he sent a servant to the vinedressers, that they might gave him some of the fruit of the vineyard.But the vinedressers beat him and sent him away empty-handed. Again he sent another servant; and they beat him also, treated him shamefully, and sent him away empty-handed. And again he sent a third; and they wounded him and cast him out. Then the owner of the vineyard said, what shall I do? I will send my beloved son. Probably they will respect him when they see him.. But when the vinefressers saw him, they reasoned among themselves, saying, This is the heir. Come, let us kill him, that the inheritance may be ours. So they cast him out of the vineyard and killed him. Therefore what will the owner of the vineyard do to them? He will come and destroy those vinedressers and give the vineyard to others.-Luke 20:9-16. (Pro-capital, p15.)It is said that in this passage Jesus states that the probable punishment for murder is death. Christians who morally support the death penalty may do so for two reasons; they believe in an eye for an eye, meaning that with those whose crimes are to grave, they deserve to die. They also believe if the criminal is repentant of the crime they committed, they are regretful for doing so, then by their execution they are justified to the Lord. Next there is the issue of rehabilitation. Abolitionists who support the concept of rehabilitation for murderers believe that imprisonment is effective in preventing murders from happening again. Murderers have the lowest rates of effective rehabilitation. Those who murder generally show no remorse, or guilt, and have the ability to kill again. In fact, murderers who serve time in prison are more likely to commit more murders, whether in prison, or upon th eir release. Civilization must have rules to follow otherwise there will be utter chaos. With 3/4ths of Americans in favor of the death penalty, and murder rates in New York State down by nearly 1/3, one must question the downside of capital punishment. An effective punishment not only forfeits the rights of the criminal, it deters crime, increases public safety and helps provide restitution to victims. All these components are found in the newly reinstated death penalty law. Death has a property that life in prison does not: finality. (Does, p34.) Bibliography:BIBLIOGRAPHY:BOOKS:1. Hagg, Ernest Van Den Conrad, John. The Death Penalty; A Debate Pro/Con. Plenum PublishingCorporation, New York. 1983. 2. Bender, L. David Leone, Bruno. The Death Penalty; Opposing Viewpoints. Greenhaven Press, Inc., San Diego. 1998. .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329 , .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329 .postImageUrl , .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329 , .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329:hover , .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329:visited , .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329:active { border:0!important; } .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329:active , .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329 .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf2b1d9bda9a3ac3a4f6c1542d9983329:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Does a tree have colour Essay3. Barbour, Scott Schonebaum, Stephen. Does Capital Punishment Deter Crime? Greenhaven Press, Inc., Sand Diego. 1998. INTERNET:1.Pro Capital Punishment. Http://www.m.edu/ww12461/cp.num.

Graphology The Investigation of Handwriting Essay Example

Graphology: The Investigation of Handwriting Paper GRAPHOLOGY THE INVESTIGATION OF HANDWRITING Background Graphology is the investigation of handwriting. The investigation, in many instances, is intended as an analyzing of a person’s writing with the goal to provide a behavioral profile. Graphology can be used as a test, to prove a theory, or as a preliminary method for personnel placement in many organizations (personality profile). Graphology was considered to be a controversial method of personality evaluation for more than a century. Psychologist who supported graphology in the medical field as a method to diagnose and track diseases of the brain and nervous system as a way to gain information about physical, mental, and emotional states. However, a proportionally equal number of psychologist do not support graphology as a method to diagnose any physical, emotional, or behavioral and view the process as simply the study of handwriting. Graphology is used as a reliable resource in criminal cases, business compatibility, marital compatibility, and jury screening. Although it is practiced in many parts of the world for a variety of reasons, there is not any scientific proof that the interpretations are correct and there is not any reliable methodology for how the process is implemented. Graphology Validity and Rationale Graphology can be considered scientific research. In order for scientific research to have successful results, the research must have either five or seven steps. The steps begin with the formation of a problem. Graphology must have a defined reason before the process is used for any reason. We will write a custom essay sample on Graphology: The Investigation of Handwriting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Graphology: The Investigation of Handwriting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Graphology: The Investigation of Handwriting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The scientific research will ask a question, gather information, form a theory, collect and sort data, analyze the date, interpret the data and present the final results. The graphology methods, as a serious procedure, must conclude with information that has reasonable rationale and solid validity. Validity refers to the degree to which evidence and theory support the understanding of test scores involve by proposed uses of tests. Graphology in the Business World In the corporate world, it is important to have the right person I the right job. Many human resource departments include handwriting analysis (graphology) to help with employee screening. Although handwriting analysis is not the only method of employee screening, human resource departments include this as a method to determine characteristic traits and personality mannerism. A corporation may require the handwriting analysis to assure that the person being hired will fit in with the current organizational culture and that the person will perform the work assigned to the satisfaction of the manager. Corporations often consider that the results of handwriting analysis will determine if the applicant will be good at the job, can be left alone to complete the work without constant supervision, and if the applicant is well suited for a desk job. It is likely that the graphology method is used in corporations when considering promotions or even terminations. The method can also be used as a tool in job analysis or job satisfaction surveys. In the field of psychology, graphology (handwriting analysis) fulfills the need to evaluate perception and thought processing. Behavioral traits can be tested and explained through graphology. Industrial/Organizational psychologists often seek consultation by a certified graphologist because this consultant understands the over 300 different handwriting features and the interpretation by an expert who is able to see the writer with true value. Graphology is also a valuable tool in the field of ccriminology. The handwriting analysis can be used as character analysis or as forensic analysis. The field of criminology can be compared for proof of fraud or for studying human nature of both victims and criminals. Compatibility studies use handwriting analysis to verify well-matched marriage partners, business partners, and even sports teams. The potential partner’s handwriting is compared to identify similar traits and to pinpoint areas of possible conflicts. Lawyers often use handwriting samples to screen potential jury members and the results presented by a graphologist can recommend who should be removed from the jury pool. Personality Dynamics Personality is defined as the cause within a person distinguished individual behaviors and experiences. Personality descriptions include methods to characterize an individual. Personality dynamics indicates how an individual adjust to life situations (Cloninger, 2000). Personality labels the differences between people. The criteria for determining personality traits by way of graphology are determined by the organization using this method and the professional facilitating the procedure. Graphology provides information inferring traits from behavior. Expressive traits are inferred in graphologist’s results; however the conclusions are based on perception and sometime perception is not reality. Personality tests have disadvantages which make it difficult to measure personality traits that may not be well defined cultural distinctions. Applicants completing the assessment may respond in a way they feel would result in their selection. If all applicants have the same personality traits, some cultures may not be included in the selection pool. Regardless of the cultural differences, self concept is the identifying factor that determines validity of the assessment (Larsen and Buss, 2008). A candidates motivation and personality play a significant role in determining what is commonly called fit — with the company culture, with other employees, with the manager, and so on. With all graphology processes, the certified graphologist will consider many of the following features: †¢Slant – can determine if the writer is friendly, intrusive, loving or supportive. Size – can mean extravert (large size) or introvert (small size). The size of handwriting can determine if the writer is a good communicator of if the writer has communication restrictions †¢Pressure – heavy pressure is a sign that something is seriously wrong and the writer is bad-tempered. Light pressure may indicate a sensitive person †¢Upper case – these strokes can indicate the writer is ambitious with aggressive goals . Lower loops indicate that the writer thinks things through before acting. Word spacing can determine if the writer is comfortable in tight knit groups or prefers a work culture that is not intrusive. †¢Line spacing that is wide show that the writer prefers to step back and take a long look before reacting. Close spacing show that the writer prefers to work close to the organizational action †¢Page margins have significance. A wide left margin shows strong family roots and a wide right margin shows the writer is concerned about other people and the future. A large top margin indicates ambitious goals while a large bottom margin shows energy and practicality. Wavy line handwriting indicates the writer is mentally mature and skillful. Conclusion Not every person experiences can be determined based on a handwriting analysis. Psychologically, some circumstances are more likely to have a strong variance depending on and determined on the conditions existing at the time of the handwriting test. Considerations must include intimacy issues, social clock, personal esteem, physical conditions, mental condition, and physiological needs (Berger, 2004). Is graphology a legitimate science? Who determines the value and strength of conclusions based on the handwriting analysis? Considering that graphology is used by experts worldwide for medical diagnosis, employee screening, psychological analysis, or marital compatibility, the determination to use this method for decision making caries a lot of responsibility. The fastest-growing site for application of graphology is in the workplace. Careful consideration should be exercised before using graphology to assess personalities and determine placement because of the risk and legal liabilities. The decision maker must think about and consider the many characteristics that make a person unique. Personality and character are carried by individuals and the graphology facilitator must be concerned about how the characteristics of a person influence his or her behavior and thoughts (Larsen and Buss, 2008). Personality is the set of psychological traits that describe how people are different from each other and fundamental traits can be easily misinterpreted and have a detrimental impact on both the graphologist and the individual. References: Cloninger, S. C (2000), Theories of Personality – Understanding Persons. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Woods, C. S (2004), The Developing Person – through the life span. Worth Publishers, 41 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10010 Larsen, R. J. and Buss, D. M, (2008). Personality Psychology – domains of knowledge about human nature. McGraw-Hill, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.

Computer Game Narratives

Computer Game Narratives Free Online Research Papers In this paper we investigate if, and then how interaction can define narrative in a computer game. When developing computer games that include stories or story elements it seems natural to use the traditional linear narrative and storytelling methods without emphasizing that the computer is essentially different from any other media because of its interactive capabilities. Therefore it is important to investigate how it is possible to create forms of narratives that utilize the computers interactive capabilities. We approached the problem by investigating how it is possible to structure and objectify narratives so it can be understood by the computer. Through our investigation we propose that the solution to creating interactive narratives is to make procedural models that can be understood by the computer and theoretical models to work with when constructing such systems. Keywords: Narrative, Interactivity, Computer games, Introduction Storytelling is mankind’s tradition of communicating information, whether being educational, inspirational, entertaining or otherwise to get the listeners attention. We tell stories from our daily lives as a form of communicating our or other people’s experiences, ideas, or points of view. Storytelling and the narrative therein has evolved in association with advances in our society and reflects on many of its changes (Mello, 2001,  ¶ 2). As we sometimes observe; storytelling reflects social conditions, popular interests and traditions as in 19th century fairytales where characters dressed and spoke according to conventions of the story’s time and/or reflected the author’s hopes, fears or dreams. This is also true in 21st century narratives which both reflect contemporary and future interests and nostalgic flashbacks to ancient cultures of might and magic. Storytelling also serves the purpose of conserving social history, personal deeds and accomplishments; and through them we are allowed access to a grand spectrum of dramatic personal events, funny happenings and epic tales that changed the world as we know it (Mello, 2001; Latvala, 1999; Denk, 2006)? When the storyteller or author sits down to tell or write a story he is usually doing so from his own point of view, he is presenting his perspective on certain topics, and uses his abilities to lead the reader through events in the story. The storyteller /author try’s to construct causes and effect relationship between events and the characters he creates to act in these events. The method he uses to construct this is generally referred to as a narrative. As a consequence, the author is, wholly or partly, responsible for the intellectual and artistic content of his story and as such has more or less total control over its content (NLC, 2002, p.21). It is that total control that we, in this paper, want to challenge by investigating if established events and characters in a predefined story can be controlled and manipulated. By predefined story we mean, where events and characters have their own state or conditions for existence, and are subject to change when changes happen in their immediate environment, either through direct contact or alteration of objects in that environment. The changes are generated by interacting with the story, navigating and manipulation of elements therein, creating an interactive narrative. In this paper we will describe our approach to interactive narrative and some theoretic models for describing and implementing interactive narrative. We ask the following question: Is it possible to simulate interactive narrative in a computer game? By providing answers to this question we hope to provide alternative methods of experiencing narrative through interaction. Narrative The word Narrator, and its subsequent methodological denominator Narrative, derive from the Latin word â€Å"narrare† which has its Indo-European origin in the word â€Å"gnarus†, which means â€Å"to know.† (Meadows, 2003, p.5) Thus a narrative is a form of knowledge, and a narrator is one who has knowledge of something he is telling us. In their book Film Art: An Introduction, Bordwell and Thompson (2004) conclude that narrative can be described as: â€Å"†¦a chain of events in cause-effect relationship occurring in time and space† (p.69). While Cohn (1999) adds a more human element, when she states that narrative is a: â€Å"†¦series of statements that deal with a causally related sequence of events that concern human (or human-like) beings† (p.12) Other definitions tend to be more towards more current media formats, explaining that a narrative is: â€Å"†¦a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program† (WordNet ® -a, 2006). While others are more specific: â€Å"How the plot or story is told. In a media text, narrative is the coherent sequencing of events across time and space† (Boles, 2006). These definitions are all justifiable and include elements that are of a traditional nature and can be found in traditional storytelling. All underline a causal approach to events in a story, while the some emphasizes events in time and space and human or human-like beings as part of a narrative. It can probably be argued that human or human-like characteristics are a part of countless narratives, since even abstract entities sometimes include recognizable human elements as a means to convey messages through a story. According to these definitions we make sense of a story through narrative by identifying with its elements and linking them by cause and effect, time and space. Whether the time is backward or forward or events are remixed in seemingly random order, with hard established cause and effect relationships the fundamental purpose of narrative is to communicate meaningful messages to audiences or individual persons. With all these combined elements a narrative can be considered the overall method chosen to convey the message within a story to the reader, viewer, or player depending on the media platform (Dansky, 2006, p. 1). Narratives – Paradigm analysis Our approach is that narratives can be analyzed and broken down into, at least, character types and the functions they perform in any given story regardless of demographic or social situation. We further suggest that these categories of character types and functions can be simulated as constants and variables depending on the task at hand. These categories of character types and functions are not necessarily simulated in detail but up to the point where it is perceived to be real. Furthermore, we emphasized that building interactive narrative based on characters or entities is not entirely about building computational algorithms, but also concerns giving these characters and objects their own life by simulating what it means to exist in any given story orientated environment by simulating communication, emotions, and other complexities of human social interactions. We propose, based on the assumption that real life narrative and behavior – as it is with learning and intelligence – can be described precisely enough for it to be simulated by a machine. (McCarthy, Minsky, Rochester Shannon, 1955, p.1) This suggestion contradicts some authoritarian scholars in the field of narrative structure where they state that narrative is fundamentally a cognitive mental process that makes the human experience meaningful (Polkinghorne, 1988, p. 1) (McQuillan, 2000, pp. 7-8) and should, therefore, be at best a vague concept and hard to objectify. We counter-argue that the relationship between narrative and computer technology is at best ambiguous and that further research is needed to determine what happens to narrative when it is presented by a machine. Simulating Interactive Narrative If we are to reach the state of interactive narrative one needs to generate changes at the core of the narrative structure. If through interaction one is able to decide how the plot progresses by starting and stopping actions and events, and in what order events occur while maintaining a comprehensible plot or story he has achieved the state of interactive narrative. Narrative is there to produce meaning and comprehension, if that fails there is no narrative; only confusion. Based on this, we propose that the plot in an interactive narrative scenario be described on two levels: the author level and the player level. Furthermore, we propose that a procedural and theoretical model is needed to describe in detail the elements that are essential for a narrative to be considered interactive. Two-Level Plot By describing the plot at two different levels a form of balance could be achieved between these key elements in the game narrative: 1.High-level plot – predefined elements are under the author’s control 2.Low-level plot – the elements are freely altered by the player At the high-level, the author could retain the freedom to define the key episodes of the story while their actual implementation in the player time-frame is left to the game engine. While at the low-level the player performance can be dynamically analyzed and logically applied to the lower level details of the how and why of a specific episode or game sequence. Figure 1 shows a model describing the two-level plot. We expect that the overall effect will be that the plot becomes more dependent on the player who gains a part of the control on the development of the story. Moreover, the player is provided with a less predictable, more life-like experience with a different selection of the details in each episode and possibly the (involuntary) triggering of different sequences of episodes altogether. Interactive Narrative Model Interactive narrative needs a model of the narrative structure in any given computer game. This model should be based on analysis of traditional narrative structures and include the key elements or principals needed to successfully execute or reach a state of reciprocal course of action that triggers interactivity. The challenge is to find or construct a model that is suited to the interactive nature of computers. This model should be able to describe the procedurals of interactive narrative and not just a list of its elements. We work under the impression that interactive narrative should be based on a realistic simulation. This means that one needs to replace the action of the author statically writing the plot, with dynamic software capable of simulating the writing that is supported by theoretical structure to ensure that the storyline keeps coherent and intriguing. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a form of procedural model or platform for narrative, where the player engages in interactive communication with the gaming world resulting in a state of interactive narrative or as close to interactive narrative as the simulation allows. This platform would naturally be a computer game with an intriguing storyline or a journey through multiple rising actions, main events, and conclusions manipulated through interactive action by the player. Figure 2 shows a conceptual model of one possible structure of the narrative elements and their relationship to other elements and functions within the game framework. 1.Through the game the player makes sense of the gaming world and brings his perception to it through? the story/game mechanics 2.Narrative causality and logic: Here the rules, including all possible NPC actions at any given time in the narrative, are executed. Gaming world includes the narrative causality and logic and is designed and made by the game developer. 3.Narrative sequences and events: Here the player makes a choice in the narrative; these choices are influenced by all possible actions provided by the execution of NPC rules. 4.Player perception: An adaptive process where the player is affecting and being affected by narrative events. Player is able to affect narrative sequences of events and consequently their perception of events changes. 5. The narrative causality and logic is a constant predefined element but still contributing to narrative sequences of events as perceived by the player. Conclusion We suggest that a model of the narrative is needed to provide visual representation and overview of the components needed for an interactive narrative to be comprehensible and support the plot structure provided in the story. Such a model includes physical elements such as: human like characters, environmental objects (houses, cars, and trees etc.) and subjective elements like emotions, textures, light and shadows, character identities and other references to real entities. We furthermore propose that narrative is not only a cognitive process, but can be presented as concrete units and rules that are subject to changes through interaction. As a consequence we propose that the term interactive narrative describes the result of the interaction between – predefined elements in the game formalized and developed by the author – and the subjective perception that the player will form while interacting with them. The problem is that a comprehensive plot is dependant on a successful execution of the narrative and the relationship between events that need to be established in a meaningful way. The danger is that if we leave this relationship to chance or random interactive functions, we risk that no narrative will be established. However, by analyzing traditional narrative functions and elements it is possible to isolate elements within narratives that can be considered action based and subject to active engagement and justifies the implementation of interactivity into narratives within the framework of an event based story. Having established a relationship between interactivity and narrative we conclude that interactive narrative is a real possibility given that all parameters are met. We further conclude that extensive procedural and theoretic models are needed to explain and execute a state of interactive narrative in a computer game. Reference: Bordwell, D., Thompson, K. (2004) Film Art: An Introduction, New York: McGraw Hill, 2004 (7th ed.), p.69 Cohn D. (1999) The Distinction of Fiction, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1999, p.12 Dansky, R. (2006). Introduction to Game Narrative, In Bateman, C. Game writing: Narrative Skills for Videogames. Boston Mass: Charles River Media. Retrieved 10 November, 2007, from charlesriver.com/resrcs/chapters/1584504900_1stChap.pdf Denk, K. M. (2006). 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